El Espectador

El Espectador
El Espectador
El Espectador-frontpage-20080918.jpg

El Espectador front page, 18 September 2008 issue
Type Daily newspaper
Format Tabloid
Owner Julio Mario Santo Domingo
Publisher Fidel Cano Correa
Editor Jorge Cardona
Editor-in-chief Élber Gutiérrez Roa
Founded 22 March 1887
Political alignment Centre-left
Language Spanish
Headquarters Comunican S. A.
Avenida El Dorado 69-76
Bogotá, Colombia
Circulation 50,000 (Mon–Sat)[1]
190,000 (Sun)[1]
ISSN 0122-2856
Official website elespectador.com

El Espectador (meaning "The Spectator") is a newspaper with national circulation within Colombia, founded by Fidel Cano Gutiérrez on 22 March 1887 in Medellín and published since 1915 in Bogotá. It changed from a daily to a weekly edition in 2001, following a financial crisis, and became a daily again since 11 May 2008[2][3], a comeback which had been long rumoured[4][5], in tabloid format (28 x 39.5 cm). Since 1997 its main shareholder is Julio Mario Santo Domingo[6].

It is the oldest newspaper in Colombia. Since its first issue to the present its motto has been "El Espectador will work for the good of the country with liberal criteria and for the good of the liberal principles with patriotic criteria". It was initially published twice a week, 500 issues each. It defined itself as a "political, literary, news and industrial newspaper". Years later it became a daily and in 2001 became a weekly. Since then, the paper uses the slogan "El Espectador. Opinion is news", implying it now focuses in opinion articles, not in breaking news. This focus was kept when it regained its daily format on 11 May 2008[7].

Fidel Cano Gutiérrez, founder of El Espectador

In 1994, after conducting a survey, Le Monde considered El Espectador one of the best eight daily newspapers in the world, along with The New York Times (United States), Financial Times (United Kingdom), Izvestia (Russia), People's Daily (China), Al Ahram (Egypt), Asahi Shimbun (Japan), and Times of India.[8]

According to the latest Estudio General de Medios (EGM – Segunda Ola 2007 (II-2007)), El Espectador has 687,900 readers every week.[9] It is a member of the Inter American Press Association and the Asociación de Diarios Colombianos (ANDIARIOS).

In 2007, its publisher Fidel Cano Correa said he did not agree with current President Álvaro Uribe Vélez's personal behaviour and government style, but he specified that was his own position and not the newspaper's.[10]

Contents

History

The front page of the first issue of El Espectador, 22 March 1887.

Since its foundation, El Espectador acted as a speaker for Colombian Liberal Party, at the time opposed to the administrations of the conservative Regeneration. It was closed by the authorities several times:[11]

A Washington printing press where the first issue of El Espectador was printed in 1887, Museo Universitario, University of Antioquia, History Collection at San Ignacio Building, Medellín, Colombia

Since 10 February 1915 El Espectador was simultaneously published in Medellín and Bogotá. Its Medellín edition was suspended on 20 July 1923.

In 1948, after the murder of Liberal Party chief Jorge Eliecer Gaitán, its circulation was suspended during three days. Since then, El Espectador had to deal with the censorship of the then ruling Conservative Party several times. On 9 November 1949, Luis Cano Villegas, its director, retired as a protest for the seizure of the entire edition by the government, being replaced by his brother Gabriel Cano Villegas. On 6 September 1952, its facilities, then located downtown Bogotá, as well as the building of competitor El Tiempo and the houses of Liberal Party leaders Eduardo Santos and Carlos Lleras Restrepo, were looted and partially destroyed, apparently with tolerance from the government. It reappeared on 16 September.

In 1955 the newspaper outspokenly opposed to the military government of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, publishing several articles by Alberto Lleras Camargo, with a big effect on public opinion. In December, the government accused El Espectador of several accounting and tax irregularities, and fined the newspaper with $10,000 on 20 December 1955. On 6 January 1956 the National Taxes Direction imposed El Espectador a sanction of $600,000. Its directors, who were forbidden to respond the accusations on the paper, suspended its publication that day.

A blackout at El Espectador facilities

In order to replace El Espectador, on 15 February 1956 appeared El Independiente, directed by Alberto Lleras Camargo, who retired in April when the newspaper was closed during a few months. It was published again in 1957 but due to an agreement by the opposition newspapers, it suspended its publication on 5 May. Five days later, Rojas Pinilla was ousted. El Independiente circulated until 1 June 1958, when it was formally replaced by El Espectador.

In 1964 its headquarters moved from downtown to western Bogotá, on the avenida 68, known at that area as Avenida El Espectador. At the inauguration, its then director Gabriel Cano said: "if El Tiempo has the best corner in Bogotá, El Espectador has the best corner in the country."[13]

Throughout the 20th century El Espectador was the main Liberal newspaper, with El Tiempo, both holding an important political influence. Among its main contributors it had some of the most important Colombian journalists at the time, like Luis Eduardo Nieto Caballero, Alberto Lleras Camargo, Eduardo Zalamea Borda, Gabriel García Márquez, Eduardo Caballero Calderón, Klim, Antonio Panesso Robledo, Inés de Montaña, Alfonso Castillo Gómez, José Salgar, as well as cartoonists Hernán Merino, Pepón, Consuelo Lago, and Osuna.

Journalism of ideas

During the 20th century El Espectador criticized other mass media in Colombia, which preferred to remain silent instead of denouncing the atrocities happening in the country.[14] On early 1980s, the then daily published several articles denouncing illegal loans and other irregularities against the Grupo Grancolombiano, one of the most powerful economical groups at the time. As a retaliation, several big companies pulled their ads on the paper out, which was already facing some financial issues. El Espectador disavowed this fact and dedicated a editorial piece to its credibility and the credibility of those economical groups.[15]

El Espectador also demanded on its editorials freedom of the press and denounced the political censorship the independent media outlets had to deal with to not being closed,[16] stating that "not even in the worst times of press censorship or political retaliation, some had to resort to crime in order to silence the press, in one of its more noble and higher democratic functions." It recognized that in Colombia "the death penalty ordered and executed from the lowest social holes has become an habit, as a revenge to the labour of social sanity the press is committed to." It concluded saying that "the siege and danger feeling —on the press— would negatively be reflected on the very own democratic system."

The newspaper rejected to be considered as "subversive opposition" and criticized Liberal president Julio César Turbay Ayala's government, which on its words wished to "have a totally aulic, extremely pro-government press, not silenced but flattering." To defend itself, the paper published 15 July 1979 a column named Si eso es opposición... ("If that's opposition...")[17] On the same text, the newspaper declared itself "neutral", considering that a democracy should not be polarized,[17] "because in the times we are living, newspapers are increasingly more independent from governments, more devoted entirely to report and guide according to their honest knowledge and understanding," adding that the "unanimous, one-way, uniformed, official press is (intended) for dictatorships and not for democracies... and we believe that Colombia is still a democracy."

El Espectador also criticized, openly, drug trafficking:

What this country really needs is not money, metal, pure materialism, but a deep reconquest of morals in both public and private sectors. Drug trafficking has corrupted us, the buying and selling of influences have corrupted us, the rush for easy money has corrupted us.
Guillermo Cano Isaza. Libreta de Apuntes. 12 January 1986[12]
Our mafiosos find that the no-extradition (to United States) is their best life insurance, because they know that if they commit any serious or slight offences in Colombian territory, the generous cheque book or the sinister machine-gun, or the paid hit man, or the unscrupulous bodyguard willing to kill at the first chance, will keep them free enjoying their dirty, perverse fortune
Guillermo Cano. Libreta de Apuntes. August 1986[12]

Guillermo Cano's murder

As stated before, El Espectador stood firm against drug trafficking and often published articles on its crimes.

On 17 December 1986, the then director of El Espectador, Guillermo Cano Isaza, was assassinated in front of the newspaper offices by gunmen paid by Pablo Escobar, after publishing several articles critical of Colombia's drug barons. Cano left the headquarters around 19:00 on his family station wagon. After he made a U-turn on the Avenida El Espectador, one of the hitmen approached the wagon Cano was driving, shot him on his chest eight times, and then ran away on a motorcycle identified with the licence plate FAX84. Cano was 61 years-old, and had been a journalist for 44. His murder is still considered unpunished.[18][19][20][21] The next day, El Espectador's main headline was Seguimos adelante ("We are going on")[13].

The World Press Freedom Prize, awarded annually by UNESCO since 1997, is named in his honour, for "his courage, his compromise with independent journalism and the tenacity with which he fought for his country", which "are an example for the rest of the world to follow. Guillermo Cano's fate exemplifies the price paid by journalists the world over in exercising their profession; journalists are imprisoned and ill-treated every day and the fact that these crimes, for the most part, go unpunished is even more alarming."[22]

On 2 September 1989 the paper's offices were bombed by the Medellín Cartel. The blast occurred around 06:30; it blew the building's roof up, destroyed the main entry and affected the newspaper's production. The bomb was hidden in a van parked minutes before it exploded in front of the main entry. The same day, 6 armed men broke into an exclusive island in Islas del Rosario, near Cartagena de Indias, and set fire to the Cano family's summer house.

Defence of the freedom of the press

On 29 May 2000 Reporters Without Borders issued a letter of protest to Interior Minister Humberto de La Calle Lombana, on the kidnapping of journalist Jineth Bedoya[23], at the time working for El Espectador, allegedly carried out by members of the paramilitary United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (AUC). Robert Ménard, RWB's secretary general, "stated that he was "scandalised" by this latest attack on Bedoya".[24] She would later join El Tiempo.

On 23 August 1999, a group called Colombian Rebel Army (ERC) published a communiqué issuing death threats against 21 personalities engaged in the then ongoing peace process, accusing them of "promoting war between Colombians". Among those personalities two El Espectador contributors were mentioned, Alfredo Molano y Arturo Alape.[23] On 19 January 1999, Molano left the country (he would return years later). Molano had condemned the massacre of 130 people perpetrated weeks before by members of AUC commanded by Carlos Castaño, who had referred to Molano as "paraguerrilla".[23] On 18 September, Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, who had worked for El Espectador and RCN Radio, went into exile.[23]

Between February and May 2000, journalist Ignacio Gómez received at least 56 threatening letters. In an article published by El Espectador, Gómez had revealed that a massacre where 49 peasants were killed was perpetrated by paramilitary militias supported by members of the Colombian Army. After escaping a kidnapping attempt in Bogotá on 24 May, Gómez sought refuge in the United States on 1 June 2000. He would return to Colombia one year later[25] and become part of Noticias Uno TV newscast.

On 21 March 2003 columnist Fernando Garavito left Colombia for the United States, after several death threats. He denounced human rights violations by AUC, as well as the alleged tolerance on drug barons in the past by the then presidential candidate Álvaro Uribe Vélez.[26] On 8 February 2003 photojournalist Herminso Ruiz was beaten and had his camera confiscated by members of the Colombian National Police while he was covering El Nogal club bombing.[27][28] The incident was contempt by organizations as RWB.[27][29]

On May 2003 the newspaper, through an editorial written by its then director Ricardo Santamaría, reported on "interference" on an investigation it was carrying on the alleged irregularities in Banco del Pacífico, claiming that Police intelligence officials had obtained access to a draft of the report and sent it, through the Colombian National Police director, Teodoro Campo, to the then Interior Minister Fernando Londoño, who was a chairman of the bank.[30] Organizations defending freedom of the press expressed their contempt and their "deep concern". Campo denied any involvement, while minister Londoño claimed the draft was sent anonymously to him.[30][31]

On 18 November 2004, a Bogotá court sentenced columnist and film director Lisandro Duque to three days in jail and a 470 euros fine, for not publishing a rectification after a sentence for defamation, when in column published 13 April 2003 Duque criticized Claudia Triana de Vargas, manager of a film production company. Instead of rectifying, Duque wrote in a piece published 7 September that he had "no enough evidence" to support his criticism. Duque appealed the court sentence.[28]

El Espectador in the 21st century

Presence on the web

Elespectador.com logo since March 2008

On 29 May 1996 the then daily newspaper launched its website elespectador.com[32]. Its design format and layout have been changed several times[33][34][35][36][37] In 2006 later added the .com to its logo, comments to the articles and user registration.[38] Access hits to Elespectador.com grew 79% in 2007.[9]

On 7 March 2008 elespectador.com was revamped, setting up four "editions": online, latest news, news map and print version. It also improved the registration system and the RSS feeds, and added tags, audio, and videos taken from Noticias Caracol, newscast from sister network Caracol TV, uploaded to its YouTube channel. The website is built with Drupal. Elespectador.com received the Colombian Chamber of Computing and Telecommunications's Premio Colombia en Línea 2008 award to the best online news website in the country[39][40].

From daily to weekly

El Espectador's front page as a weekly in broadsheet format, January 2008
El Espectador's front page as a daily in tabloid format, May 2008

Despite El Espectador had been the Colombian newspaper with the second highest circulation, after El Tiempo, the financial difficulties worsened and in 1997 the Cano family sold most of their shares in Comunican S.A., El Espectador publishing company, to Julio Mario Santo Domingo, who at the time owned Cromos, Caracol Radio (later sold to Spanish group PRISA) and Caracol TV. Its headquarters moved to the Avenida El Dorado. In September 2001 El Espectador became a weekly newspaper.

RWB stated that "media diversity suffered a heavy blow" when the newspaper "downgraded itself to a weekly."[41]

The Cali newspaper El País said:[42] "El Espectador is a standard in defence of freedom, the fight against drug trafficking and corruption."

Since then, their editors Rodrigo Pardo, Carlos Lleras de la Fuente, Ricardo Santamaría, and Fidel Cano Correa tried to recover the financial balance and the newspaper's circulation. As a weekly, it was published on Saturdays, with Sunday's date. Counting with the free time readers have available on weekends, El Espectador focused on opinion, investigation, and analysis pieces, recovering its circulation, influence, and earnings.

In 2007 Fidel Cano Correa stated in an interview with Revista Semana that[10] "[the return to a daily edition] is just a possibility. We have doing very well during the last three years, especially the last one." The Spanish group PRISA was considered as an strategic partner, but the negotiation failed when Santo Domingo refused to cede the control of the paper to PRISA[43]. On 11 May 2008 El Espectador became a daily again, changing from broadsheet to tabloid format.[2]

Daily focus, supplements, and alliances

Every day of the week, except Sunday, El Espectador devotes around 10 pages to a specific "focus":

It also publishes three magazines, published once in a month each: Autos/Motos, Espacios, and Discovery Health. On Mondays El Espectador publishes a 6-page edition of The New York Times International Weekly[44][45], and on Tuesdays a two-paged Fox Sports minisection. It also syndicates articles from Harvard Business Review and El País.

Design

Since 2004, Lucie Lacava's Lacava Design has been in charge of El Espectador's design for its print edition[46]. El Espectador uses Hoefler & Frere-Jones's Mercury and Gotham typefaces since then[47].

Current management and employees

El Espectador nameplate used throughout the 20th century, until 2000.
El Espectador nameplate used between 2000 and late 2002.
El Espectador nameplate used between late 2002 and 2004, when it switched to the first and current masthead.

President

Publisher

Editorial board

Editors

Regular columnists

Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday

Syndicated columnists

Former Publishers

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Periódicos en busca de nuevos negocios" (in es). Dinero. 2008-05-09. http://www.dinero.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=47677. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "El Espectador impreso vuelve a ser diario" (in es). El Espectador. 2008-05-07. http://elespectador.com/node/12610/. 
  3. ↑ Solano, Víctor (2008-05-03). "El Espectador vuelve a diario el 11 de mayo" (in es). http://victorsolano.com/2008/05/03/el-espectador-vuelve-a-diario-el-11-de-mayo/. 
  4. ↑ Solano, Víctor (2008-01-13). "¿Pasará este año El Periódico?" (in es). http://victorsolano.com/2008/01/13/%c2%bfpasara-este-ano-el-periodico/. 
  5. ↑ "‘El Espectador’ diario" (in es). Semana. 2008-04-19. http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=111133. 
  6. ↑ "Vendido El Espectador" (in es). El Tiempo. 1997-11-13. http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-695273. 
  7. ↑ Osorio, Marcela (2008-05-11). "¡Seguimos adelante!" (in es). El Espectador. http://elespectador.com/node/13051/. Retrieved 2008-05-11. 
  8. ↑ Cojean, Annick (1994-12-09). "ENQUÊTE Le " New York Times " ou l'obsession de l'excellence Sûr de lui, réputé pour son esprit de sérieux et ses éditoriaux cinglants, le journal de référence américain veut maintenant se rapprocher de ses lecteurs" (in fr). Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=349295. Retrieved 2008-03-29. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 El Espectador (2007-12-03). "Audiencia de Elespectador.com creció 79 por ciento" (in es). http://elespectador.com/noticias/negocios/articulo-audiencia-de-elespectadorcom-crecio-79-ciento. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Rueda, María Isabel (2007-03-17). "¿Quién es el Fidel Cano que hoy dirige ‘El Espectador’ que otro Fidel Cano fundó hace 120 años?" (in es). Semana. http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?idArt=101595. 
  11. ↑ UDEA. "HISTORIA DEL PERIODISMO ANTIOQUEÑO" (in es). p. 15. http://biblioteca-virtual-antioquia.udea.edu.co/pdf/15/15_692338119.pdf. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Martínez, Helda (2007-03-21). "El Espectador cumple 120 años de protagonista" (in es). Inter Press Service. http://ipsnoticias.net/nota.asp?idnews=40440. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Postales inolvidables" (in es). Revista Cromos. 2007. http://www.cromos.com.co/cromos/Secciones/Articulo.aspx?idn=1813. 
  14. ↑ Cano Isaza, Guillermo (1980-07-27). "Noticiero Oficial Militar en TV" (in es). Libreta de Apuntes, El Espectador. Fundación Guillermo Cano. http://www.fundacionguillermocano.com/porGC/noticiero_oficial_militar_en_TV.php. 
  15. ↑ Cano Isaza, Guillermo (1983-07-17). "La credibilidad de un periódico" (in es). Libreta de Apuntes, El Espectador. Fundación Guillermo Cano. http://www.fundacionguillermocano.com/porGC/la_credibilidad_de_un_periodico.php. 
  16. ↑ Cano Isaza, Guillermo (1983-09-28). "Sobre la libertad de prensa" (in es). Editorial, El Espectador. Fundación Guillermo Cano. http://www.fundacionguillermocano.com/porGC/sobre_la_libertad_de_prensa.php. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cano Isaza, Guillermo (1979-07-15). "Si eso es oposición..." (in es). Libreta de Apuntes, El Espectador. Fundación Guillermo Cano. http://www.fundacionguillermocano.com/porGC/si_eso_es_oposicion.php. 
  18. ↑ Inter American Press Society (2004-10-08). "Release of one of the accused in journalist's murder a setback in the fight against impunity, says IAPA". International Freedom of Expression Exchange. http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/61871. 
  19. ↑ Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (2006-12-22). "Launching of Guillermo Cano university chair among activities marking 20th anniversary of "El Espectador" editor's murder, still unpunished". International Freedom of Expression Exchange. http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/80076. 
  20. ↑ Fundación Guillermo Cano Isaza (2006-12-07). "20 AÑOS DEL SACRIFICIO DE GUILLERMO CANO ISAZA" (in es). Centro de Solidaridad - Federación Internacional de Periodistas. http://www.fipcolombia.com/noticiaAmpliar.php?noticia=373. 
  21. ↑ "Case: Guillermo Cano Isaza". Crimes Against Journalists, Impunity Project. http://mercury.websitewelcome.com/~imcom/index.php?idioma=us&showreporte=49. 
  22. ↑ "About the UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize". UNESCO. 2006-10-18. http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=18594&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "2000 Annual report - Colombia". Reporters Without Borders. http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:2-gKENNKNfMJ:www.rsf.org/rsf/uk/rap2000/amer/colombia.html&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=17. 
  24. ↑ "Journalist kidnapped". Reporters Without Borders. 2000-05-29. http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:JZaZR73BXq0J:www.rsf.org/rsf/uk/html/ameriques/cplp/lp/290500.html&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&lr=lang_en. 
  25. ↑ Bourgeat, Régis; Iván García (2001-11-22). "The press as a "military target" : armed groups against press freedom". Reporters Without Borders. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=317. 
  26. ↑ "Colombia - 2003 Annual Report". Reporters Without Borders. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6191. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Miembros de la Policía agreden a fotógrafo de El Espectador (2003-02-10). "Miembros de la Policía agreden a fotógrafo de El Espectador" (in es). Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa. http://www.flip.org.co/veralerta.php?idAlerta=102. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Colombia - Annual Report 2004". Reporters Without Borders. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=10198. 
  29. ↑ "Concern about death threats against head of news photographers’ association". Reporters Without Borders. 2003-03-07. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=5103. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "El Espectador denuncia interfrencia en investigación periodística" (in es). Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa. 2003-05-12. http://www.flip.org.co/veralerta.php?idAlerta=92. 
  31. ↑ "Police accused of spying on news weekly for the benefit of interior and justice minister". Reporters Without Borders. 2003-05-16. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6866. 
  32. ↑ El Espectador (1996-05-29). "elespectador.com". Internet Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/19961103222924/www.elespectador.com/9605/29/homepage.htm. 
  33. ↑ El Espectador (2000-05-10). "elespectador.com". Internet Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20000510163526/http://www.elespectador.com/. 
  34. ↑ El Espectador (2000-08-16). "elespectador.com". Internet Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20000816060804/www.elespectador.com/hoy/index.htm. 
  35. ↑ El Espectador (2002-01-12). "elespectador.com". Internet Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20020124160244/http://www.elespectador.com/. 
  36. ↑ El Espectador (2002-09-26). "elespectador.com". Internet Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20020927021934/http://www.elespectador.com/. 
  37. ↑ El Espectador (2004-06-10). "elespectador.com". Internet Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20040610231559/http://www.elespectador.com/. 
  38. ↑ El Espectador (2007-02-10). "elespectador.com". Internet Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20070210002416/www.elespectador.com/elespectador/. 
  39. ↑ Cámara Colombiana de Informática y Telecomunicaciones (2008-10-02). "Premio Colombia en Línea 2008" (in es). http://www.ccit.org.co/www/htm/premio_internet/premio_col_linea2008.asp. 
  40. ↑ El Espectador (2008-10-02). "Elespectador.com, mejor sitio de noticias online del país" (in es). http://elespectador.com/node/41726/. 
  41. ↑ "COLOMBIA - Annual report 2002 (1/2)". Reporters Without Borders. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=1383. 
  42. ↑ "Colombia: la crisis golpea El Espectador" (in es). BBC Mundo. 2001-08-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/misc/newsid_1518000/1518041.stm. 
  43. ↑ "De regreso" (in es). Revista Semana. 2008-05-10. http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?idArt=111688. 
  44. ↑ Business Wire (2008-09-23). "The New York Times International Weekly Launches in Three Additional Newspapers Worldwide". The New York Times Company. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=105317&p=irol-pressArticle&ID=1200194&highlight=. 
  45. ↑ "‘The New York Times’ en El Espectador" (in es). El Espectador. 2008-08-29. http://elespectador.com/node/35144/.  see sample
  46. ↑ "Featured projects - El Espectador". Lacava Design. http://www.lacavadesign.ca/en/featuredprojects/elespec/index.html. 
  47. ↑ "El Espectador de Colombia, de nuevo a diario" (in es). Cuatro Tipos. 2008-05-25. http://cuatrotipos.wordpress.com/2008/05/25/el-espectador-de-colombia-de-nuevo-a-diario/. 

External links